Walsh By Pollock Essays - Persons Of National Historic Significance

Walsh By Pollock "Progress is the elimination of the savage". These words of General Terry, a character in Sharon Pollock's "Walsh", demonstrates how he and his fellow white men feel towards Native Indians. The Indians see Canada as their homeland, but the Canadian government will not let them stay and will do anything in their power to make them leave to the United States. They are cheated against, lied to, and betrayed by their government, because of their ethnic background. Especially Sitting Bull, the head of the Sioux nation, who is being accused for the death of General Custer. Walsh, Sitting Bull, and General Terry contribute to this theme of prejudice towards the Sioux by the government and Walsh's struggle to keep his responsibility as an individual and his high principles. Major Walsh of the North West Mounted Police who attempts to prevent Sitting Bull and the Sioux from being sent back from Canada to the United States, apparently to stand trial for the death of General Custer and his men at the battle of Little Big Horn. Walsh has sympathy for Sitting Bull and the Sioux. He feels, as a member of the force he should do everything in his power to help them: "An able and brilliant people have been crushed, held down, moved from place to place, cheated and lied to.....and now , they hold here in Canada, the remnants of a proud race, and they ask for some sort of justice....which is what I thought I swore on oath to serve!" Walsh has a responsibility for Sitting Bull and the Sioux as a friend to help them in their struggle for justice and respect but Walsh was forced against his better judgment, to sacrifice his own high principles by his fellow police men and friends. The government, which Walsh represents lies and makes excuses to the Sioux of why the should be going to the United States. Walsh is a man who knows that there is a nobility to his struggle, but he surrenders responsibility as an individual. Walsh is a well-meaning but ultimately ineffectual white man whose potentially tragic status is undermined by his decision to go back on his promise of his responsibility to Sitting Bull and the Sioux. His moral dilemma is at a disaster when he agrees to his governments demands and sends Sitting Bull and the Sioux to his certain death in the United States. His mentality has totally been altered and he almost feels no sympathy for them anymore: "And I can give you nothing! God knows, I've done my damnedest and nothing's changed. Do you hear that? Nothing's changed! Cross the line if you're so hungry, but don't, for Christ's sake, come begging food from me!" Now Walsh is just like the rest of the men, careless and heartless. He has hardly no feelings towards Sitting Bull and the Sioux and he is trying to send Sitting Bull and the Sioux to the United States, thinking that they're going to get food and shelter. Sitting Bull, the head of the Sioux nation, and the Sioux are not blind to see what's really going on. They know the Canadian government is prejudice against them and that they don't want them on their land or in their country. They know the government is lying to them so they can go to the United States to be in an even worse situation then they are in, in Canada. Sitting Bull and the Sioux are being betrayed by their own government. Sitting Bull says that to Walsh: "When I was a boy, the Sioux owned the world. The sun rose and set on our land. We sent 10,000 men to battle. Where are those warriors now? Who seen them? Where are our lands? Who owns them? Tell me...what law have I broken? Is it wrong for me to love my own? Is it wicked of me because my skin is red? Because I am a Sioux, because I was born where my fathers lived, because I would die for my people and my country? ....This white man would forgive me....and while he speaks to me of forgiveness, what do his people say in secret? 'Seize their guns and horses! Drive them back across the line! The more we kill this year, the less we have to kill next year.'" Sitting Bull's contribution to this theme is that he lets Walsh know that he knows what they're thinking. He lets him know that even though Walsh seems to care

Mcworld essays

Mcworld essays In Jihad vs. McWorld, Benjamin Barber discusses the two opposing forces that are pushing on globalization of the worlds markets. The Jihad describes the fundamentalists that by trying to regain their identity are tearing apart the ties that the McWorld is creating by bringing the world together with globalization. It would seem that places around the world would be either Jihad or McWorld, but this is far from the case. Fundamentalists preach about the horrors of becoming a global community while at the same time watching television shows and movies, wearing clothes, and eating foods that have been brought to them by the horrible McWorld. One wonders where Jihad would be if it were not for McWorld and vice versa. If it were not for McWorld, there would be no reason for fundamentalists to seek such drastic means to try to regain their identities. Without the intrusion of such things as McDonalds, KFC, Nike, etc. the identities of these fundamentalists would not be compromised. As each nations borders are becoming less and less significant, the Jihad feels it must retrace those borders in order to keep some sort of individuality. Those involved in the Jihad feel that they have a duty to protect their type of life by all means necessary. The Jihad is aware that one thing that feeds McWorlds success is the peaceful marketplace. By making the ever-growing marketplace riddled with fear and unrest, the Jihad is slowing the extraordinary growth of McWorld. While this destructive instinct is strong within the Jihad, the constructive instinct is even stronger in the McWorld. As the Jihad strives to keep the McWorld out, the nature of McWorld is to bring itself into every part of the world in or der to maximize the thing that it holds dearest, money. The McWorld sees every corner of the world as an untapped marketplace. McWorld knows that all people in the world do not need to drink Coca-Cola, wear Nike s...

Samuel OReilly Invented the Tattoo Machine

Samuel OReilly Invented the Tattoo Machine More and more people are getting tattoos today, and they do not carry the same social stigma that they used to. But we didnt always use the tattoo machines that you see in your standard parlor. History and Patenting The electric tattooing machine was officially patented on Dec. 8th, 1891 by  a New York tattoo artist named Samuel OReilly. But even O’Reilly would be the first to admit that his invention was really an adaptation of a machine invented by Thomas Edison- the Autographic Printing Pen. O’Reilly witnessed a demonstration of the electric pen, a sort of writing drill that Edison had built to allow documents to be etched into stencils and then copied. The electric pen was a failure. The tattooing machine was an unqualified, worldwide smash. How it Works O’Reilly’s tattoo machine worked by using a hollow needle filled with permanent ink. An electric motor powered the needle in and out of the skin at a rate of up to 50 punctures per second. The tattoo needle inserted a small drop of ink below the surface of the skin each time. The original machine patent allowed for different sized needles deliver varying amounts of ink, a very design-focused consideration. Before O’Reilly’s innovation, tattoos- the word comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tatu† which means to mark something- were much harder to make. Tattoo artists worked by hand, perforating the skin perhaps three times a second as they installed their designs. O’Reilly’s machine with its 50 perforations per second was an enormous improvement in efficiency. Further enhancements and refinements to the tattoo machine have been made and the modern tattooing device is now capable of delivering 3,000 punctures per minute.

Teamwork Makes a Dream Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teamwork Makes a Dream Work - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that team working/interpersonal skills is one of the seven skills listed by the Chartered Management Institute as essential for business management. Traditionally, management exercised control over the organization through planning and control, solving problems, making decisions and giving orientation, all by itself.   Problem-solving used to be the prerogative of the management. In modern times, the above mastership culture has transformed into team leadership characterized by empowered individuals. The team oriented management has come to be known as the second industrial revolution which the Fortune magazine calls as the great discovery of the 1990s. Management through teams has proved to be the cornerstone for many organizations to realize enhanced organizational effectiveness and productivity. Thus, traditional individualistic functioning has been replaced by team functioning in modern times. Team oriented management is a flexible or ganizational model with â€Å"laminar and flattened structure† as opposed to the traditional organizational structure wedded to top-down (hierarchical) functioning. This flexibility of approach towards problem-solving envisages participation of all the team members at the same time in the decision making and problem-solving processes. Due to the underlying commitment, the team members would never overlook the common objective and most importantly, the team-based functioning is a morale-booster, cost-cutting technique, means of improving quality and productivity, leading to the highest possible organizational performance.... The functional role is drawn from the role theory which emphasizes the role as a part of social structure in that everyone has a role to play in a given activity. The functional role theory is explained in two perspectives of behavioural perspective and expectancy perspective. The former is manifested in an individual who is given or who has assumed a certain position in a community. The latter is manifested as an expected behaviour of an individual occupying a definite position in a society. Belbin states that while functional role is for survival, team role consists of roles required for the pursuit of the common objective (Gunduz, 2008). Self-managing teams The concept of self-managing teams has been discussed as early as 1997. Organisations have embraced the practice of self-managing teams for the sake of flexibility, decision making at the front-end and exploitation of employees’ capabilities to the fullest extent. The rationale behind self-managing is to make employees f ully accountable for their actions/performance rather than being dependent on their managers. This practice of day-day to management has been found to improve organisational performance for reasons of closeness between the front end people and the customers, the potential to improve ‘organisational learning and adaptability’ enabled by the freedom with which the teams can experiment with their work so as to formulate their own unique methods of problem-solving and the employees’ commitment made possible by their wider participation (Belbin R. M., 2012) (Wageman, 1997). Mixed Results Self-managing team concept has its own drawbacks in spite of the promise it holds for

Similarities and differences in Crane and Dreiser's practice of Essay

Similarities and differences in Crane and Dreiser's practice of realism - Essay Example It is therefore pertinent to analyze the similarities in Crane’s practice of realism and that of Dreiser, while showing the differences that exists between them in the process. The two authors try to show the reality of living in an urban setting and the experiences of people living in the cities. The two of them usually talk about the experience and challenges faced by women living in the society and in the case of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and Sister Carrie, they talk about the experience of women living in the urban society and the consequences that comes with them living in the urban society. The two authors depict life as a normal process. It is pertinent to note that the two authors have shown that one basic principle to live in the urban world is to be fit as they show the animalistic survival of the fittest principle in their works. The difference that exists between the works of Crane in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and Dreiser in Sister Carrie is in the ability of one of the authors to integrate emotions into his work.While Crane took cognizance of the people living in the urban settings with a consideration for their yearning for sympathy (Crane), Dreiser does not in any way consider any form of pleadings for sympathy or moral judgment (Dreiser), and this is the major difference between the depiction of realism by the two writers in the works considered.

Management Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Management Philosophy Essay Diversity trainer through the National Multi-Cultural Institute (NMCI) which is based out of Washington DC. Bahaudin worked as a manager, an Internal Consultant, Trainer, and Teacher at the Education and Training Development Department of Human Resources with Publix Super Markets Inc. for sixteen years. Bahaudin has been a visitor or speaker on conferences in the United States of America, Vietnam, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Brazil, Jamaica, Bahamas, St. Lucia, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Grenada, and several other Caribbean countries. Bahaudin was born in Khoshie of Logar and raised in Kabul of Afghanistan. Bahaudin finished his high school degree and higher education in the United States. Management Philosophy: Some of Bahaudin’s favorite management concepts, which he has used in practice, happen to be Self-fulfilling Prophecy, Theory Y View of Motivation, Management by Objective and Management by Walking Around. Managers are likely to get exactly what they expect from themselves and their employees. Bahaudin believes that most people want to do a good job, especially when they are given the right tools, educational developments and performance opportunities. He prefers leading people and managing systems. Bahaudin likes to clarify his overall objectives, set realistic goals and then work to achieve them in a realistic timeframe. According to Bahaudin, the journey of working toward the achievement of one’s goals itself can certainly be one way to happiness. As they say, happiness is the way. Bahaudin truly believes that happiness is a journey, and not a destination. Happiness is the progressive realization of worthwhile and predetermined goals. So, set your goals and, as someone said, then â€Å"work like you dont need money; study like you are a noble prize winner; love like youve never been hurt; and dance like no ones watching. Have a positive attitude and, when possible, make a difference in at least one person’s life. Remember, if you can perceive and believe a better state of being, then you are very likely to achieve it as well. Overall, learn as much as you can; stretch yourself as far as possible, but not beyond; never settle for less than your capabilities; aim for total integrity; and be the best that you can be! As an effective manager and leader, may you have the hindsight to know where you have been; the foresight to know where you are going; and the insight to know when you are about to go too far.

Kate Chopins Awakening is Not a Tragedy Essay -- Chopin Awakening Es

Kate Chopins' Awakening is Not a Tragedy      Ã‚  Ã‚   When we think of a tragedy, thoughts of lost love and torments abound. The most human of emotions, sorrow, overwhelms us. We agonize over the tragedy, and the tragic figure. We lose sight of reality, enthralled by the suspense, captured by the Irony that, "we know" what plight lies ahead for the characters. We feel the suffering and the helplessness of the characters as the tragedy unwinds. Although Kate Chopins' The Awakening is a powerful story, it is by no means a tragedy.   The Awakening does not posses the necessary components of a tragedy. There is no tragic figure, there is no tragic plot or theme, and the ending is far from tragic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, tragic figures must captivate the audience. They must create an atmosphere that is shrouded in irony, suspense and mystery. These figures must also make the audience love them, feel for them and experience the anguish and pain they will undergo. King Lear is a great example of a tragic figure. He appeals to the reader, and captures their attention. The reader ends up sympathizing for him, and wanting him to overcome the obstacles which block his path. He motivates the emotion of the audience and controls their feelings. Edna Pontellier does not have the depth of character or ability to be a tragic figure. From the opening chapters she is portrayed as a troubled woman, one who is captured within a society where she does not belong. Her marriage to Leonce is one of convenience, there is no love, no passion, and no affection between them. Edna portrays a woman who is caught up within a life which does not suit her. She is, in ... ...t structure and conclusion, which are essential aspects of all tragedies.    Works Cited Allen, Priscilla. "Old Critics and New: The Treatment of Chopin's The Awakening." In The Authority of Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, ed. Arlyn Diamond and Lee   R. Edwards. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977, 224-238. Chopin, Kate.   The Awakening.   A Norton Critical Edition:   Kate Chopin:   The   Awakening.   Ed. Margo Culley.   2nd ed.   New York:   W.W. Norton, 1994.  Ã‚   3-109. Seyersted, Per, and Emily Toth, eds.   A Kate Chopin Miscellany.   Natchitoches:  Ã‚   Northwestern State University Press, 1979. Sullivan, Barbara. "Introduction to The Awakening." In The Awakening, ed. Barbara Sullivan. New York: Signet, 1976. Toth, Emily. "Kate Chopin's The Awakening as Feminist Criticism." Louisiana Studies, 15 (1976), 241-251.   

Supernatural machinery of Rape of the Lock

British working-class movement for parliamentaryreformnamed after thePeople's Charter, a bill drafted by theLondonradicalWilliamLovettin May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhoodsuffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment of members ofParliament, and abolition of the property qualifications for membership. Chartism was the first movement both working class in character and national in scope that grew out of the protest against the injustices of the new industrial and political order in Britain.While composed of working people, Chartism was also mobilized around populism as ell as clan identity. lmagesThe movement was born amid the economic depression of 1837-38, when high unemploymentand the effects of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 were felt in all parts of Britain. Lovett's charter provided a program acceptable to a heterogeneous working-class population. The movement swelled to national importance under the vigorous le adership of the IrishmanFeargus Edward O'Connor, who stumped the nation in 1838 in support of the six points.While some of the massive Irish presence in Britain supported Chartism, most were devoted to the Catholic Repeal movement ofDaniel O'Connell. A Chartist convention met in London in February 1839 to prepare apetitionto present to Parliament. â€Å"Ulterior measures† were threatened should Parliament ignore the demands, but the delegates differed in their degrees of militancy and over whatform â€Å"ulterior measures† should take. In May the convention moved to Birmingham, where riots led to the arrest of its moderate leaders Lovett and John Collins.The rump of the convention returned to London and presented its petition in July. Parliament rejected it summarily. There followed in Novemberan armed rising of the â€Å"physical force† Chartists atNewport, which was quickly suppressed. Its principal leaders were banished toAustralia, and nearly every other Cha rtist leader was arrested andsentenced to a short prison term. The Chartists then started to emphasize efficient organization and moderate tactics.Three years later a second national petition was presented containing more than three million signatures, but again Parliamentrefused to consider it. The movement lost some oflts mass support later in the 1840s as the economy revived. Also, the movement to repeal theCorn Lawsdivided radical energies, and severaldiscouraged Chartist leaders turned to other projects. The last great burst of Chartism occurred in 848. Another convention was summoned, and another petition was prepared. Again Parliament did nothing.Thereafter, Chartism lingered another decade in the provinces, but its appeal as a national mass movement was ended. With the onset of the relative prosperity of mid-Victorian Britain, popular militancy lost its edge. Many Chartist leaders, however, schooled in the ideological debates of the 1840s, continued to serve popular causes, and the Chartist spirit outlasted the organization. Five of the six points†all except the annual Parliaments†have since been secured.

Story of My Life

I began as a droplet of water, high above the earth, fluffy white clouds drifted through the atmosphere at that time. In the clouds, I lived as a little Droplet of water, round and content with life. For as long as I could remember, I spent my days lying on my back, relaxing and soaking up the sun's warm rays. One day, I took my usual place in the sun but the light didn't seem to be as bright. In fact, as the day went on, it grew darker and darker, loud claps of thunder shook the cloud, and I felt as if I were getting really heavy and I could hardly move.Suddenly, I felt myself falling from the cloud. Down, down, down I fell, farther and farther from home. As I was falling, I saw myself shivering and getting a white flaky color. I didn’t know what was happening at all, and at that same moment I realized what my friend had told me about how I would turn into a solid form. At last I landed on the earth, in the dark green foliage of the rainforest. Around me as far as I could see , were tall trees, dense green leaves, red mushrooms and variously colored insects of every shape and size.Strange creatures surrounded me. The sounds and sights were like nothing I had ever seen or heard before. All I wanted to do was go back home safely. And all of a sudden, the sun came up and the warm rays hit me like I was on a beach tanning. For a moment it felt good, and then suddenly I started turning into liquid, and it felt good to be in motion again. I began seeping through this soft, brown material called soil. I moved slowly through the roots placed in this soil. I began to move around, shifting side to side. Something was coming.It was digging deeper. I was jiggling! I saw teeth and a lot of pink! I waited a bit and saw the sun again, and there it was, what made me jiggle! An animal, a cow! Moooooooooo! It began to eat the grass, just jabbing at it, chewing it, nom, nom, nom! I began to jiggle even more. I thought I might break a sweat! A water droplet and break a swea t? It came closer, and GULP!! I was down its mooing throat! The cow began to sweat, and it was getting hot. I couldn’t comprehend what was happening but then my friends’ words came back to me.The process of respiration was taking place. I was the cow’s source of breathing. I was taken in as oxygen present in water and released as something else. I went from energy to carbon dioxide, lifting back into the air. I saw town’s people along the way; they breathed in oxygen and let out me? I mean carbon dioxide. I was going back up, and from there I went back to my normal life after my little water cycle, and then evaporated with a sigh of relief. I was back to my life of soaking in the sun’s rays!

Free Essays on Sojourner Truth

â€Å"Who was Sojourner Truth?† Isabella Baumfree also considered Van Wagenen was born in 1797 and died in 1883. She was the first black to speak out to people about slavery and abolitionists. She was said to have a deep manly voice but had a quick wit and inspiring faith (Encyclpoedia, 474). It was Truth’s religious faith that transformed her from Isabella to Sojourner Truth. What is difficult to tell is her actual birth date because there are two different women with different birth dates such as Isabella’s is in the 1790’s and Truth’s is on June 1, 1843. The parents are also hard to decipher because of slavery spiting up families. Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth were the two most famous women of the 19th century. It was said, â€Å"New York was Truth’s Egypt†. In a short amount of time Truth became the national symbol for black women (Painter, 5). Truth was a slave in Ulster County, New York but was freed in 1828. That was the year that she had her command f rom God, it was he that told her to preach about her beliefs and equality. She told people that God was only looking for people who show love and concern for others and this is why she must continue to preach (Encyclopedia, 474). Isabella was one of 13 children from slave parents and she could only speak Dutch. She lived with her parents until the time she was 11then she was sent to a new master who mistreated her severely. This is when she learned how to speak English, but she would still have a Dutch accent the rest of her life. Her third master, the Dumonts, is where she was sent when she was thirteen and stayed for seventeen years. It is also where Isabella married her husband Thomas and continued to have five children with him. The state of New York in 1817 passed a law saying that all blacks are free but not until July 4,1827. She was waiting for her ten years to be up but she found that Dumont planned to keep her and not let her free at all. ... Free Essays on Sojourner Truth Free Essays on Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth In this day and age, a woman never wonders why she is able to vote, be elected to public office and hold the rights that she has today. She never realizes that the opportunities she has were once forbidden and furiously fought over in the 1800’s. Furthermore, does one ever contemplate the harsh treatment of individuals in slavery taking place during this time? Living in modern-day America, it is difficult to imagine all this was occurring considering that now, everyone is free. But everyone must realize that â€Å"Freedom is not free.† It took years to acquire women’s rights and emancipation, among many other things. In order to provide liberty to every slave and woman deprived of her rights, people have had to step up and initiate action. Many people have died for what they believed in to make others understand how terribly they want the people of our generation to have what they did not. Among all of these people, one woman stands out like black print on white paper. This woman was not afraid to speak her mind and let her thoughts be known to everyone. She, along with others, led a society through a journey of truth. No other woman would fit this description except Sojourner Truth. Born into a family of slaves, one would never even think about the better lives that they may have had otherwise. In 1787, there were already 700,000 slaves in the US and the number continued to increase. (Franklin 33) Sojourner Truth was born a slave somewhere around 1797 in New York and after trying to escape several times, was set free July 4th 1827. (Russell 79) Like many others, she realized there was a better life ahead of her without being in bondage. As early as 1815, there were organized efforts toward aiding fugitives in direct violation of state and federal laws. By 1817, Kentucky slaveholders were protesting over the escape of their slaves in appreciable numbers into Ohio and other free states. (Blockson ... Free Essays on Sojourner Truth â€Å"Who was Sojourner Truth?† Isabella Baumfree also considered Van Wagenen was born in 1797 and died in 1883. She was the first black to speak out to people about slavery and abolitionists. She was said to have a deep manly voice but had a quick wit and inspiring faith (Encyclpoedia, 474). It was Truth’s religious faith that transformed her from Isabella to Sojourner Truth. What is difficult to tell is her actual birth date because there are two different women with different birth dates such as Isabella’s is in the 1790’s and Truth’s is on June 1, 1843. The parents are also hard to decipher because of slavery spiting up families. Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth were the two most famous women of the 19th century. It was said, â€Å"New York was Truth’s Egypt†. In a short amount of time Truth became the national symbol for black women (Painter, 5). Truth was a slave in Ulster County, New York but was freed in 1828. That was the year that she had her command f rom God, it was he that told her to preach about her beliefs and equality. She told people that God was only looking for people who show love and concern for others and this is why she must continue to preach (Encyclopedia, 474). Isabella was one of 13 children from slave parents and she could only speak Dutch. She lived with her parents until the time she was 11then she was sent to a new master who mistreated her severely. This is when she learned how to speak English, but she would still have a Dutch accent the rest of her life. Her third master, the Dumonts, is where she was sent when she was thirteen and stayed for seventeen years. It is also where Isabella married her husband Thomas and continued to have five children with him. The state of New York in 1817 passed a law saying that all blacks are free but not until July 4,1827. She was waiting for her ten years to be up but she found that Dumont planned to keep her and not let her free at all. ...

Budgetary Slack As A Management Control Mechanism Accounting Essay

Budgetary Slack As A Management Control Mechanism Accounting Essay Introduction Budgeting control system is one of the popular mechanisms in the management control systems that have undergone significant shifts of emphasis in both literature and practices. Budget slack meaning a deliberate underestimation of revenues and overestimation of costs than of actual budget is one of the aspects of budgetary control in the research of contemporary accounting management literature. The conventional wisdom on budgetary slack underlies a negative image of slack creation by the managers to appropriate organizational resources available after optimal utilization of the so called achievable budget targets. Alternative voice is that budgetary slack is often rewarding for the managers and also for the organization, serving as motivation for efficient utilization of resources and meeting the targets of the organization. However, the relationship between budgetary slack and management control mechanism underlies budgetary slack as the outcome of either tight budgeti ng or lack of budgetary supervision. In addition to that, budgetary slack are also used as management control mechanism. Against this backdrop, the objective of the paper is to review the existing image and practices of budgetary slack as a mechanism of management control and the role of budgetary slack that impact on the behavior of managers. For that end the paper in the beginning details out the conceptual scheme of budgetary slack and the factors and strategies to create budgetary slack. It reviews the linkages between management control mechanism and budgetary slack in the next section. Then, the paper importantly deals with the role of budgetary slack on the behavioral pattern of the managers. Finally the paper ended with discussing some ways to enhance he positive functioning of budgetary slack to control unethical practices and increase accountability and transparency of the management. The Concept of Budgetary Slack Budgetary slack in its simplest form, as in the lexicon of advance accounting, is defined as the difference between an actual budget figure and an easily obtainable budget figure. When a manager controls budget resources more than optimal to accomplish his or her objectives, then the manager creates a condition of budget slack (Kren, 2003). For instance, budget slacking may take the form of underestimated performance capabilities, understated revenues or overstated expenses over a projected period of time. The official terminology of CIMA considers that slack in the budgeting process occurs if there is an intentional underestimation of revenues or overestimation of expenses by the managers (Jia, 2007). Payes (1989) emphasizes on the issue of performance in defining budget slack. According to his perspective, the difference between a division’s expected performance capability and a participatively-set performance standard or target creates budgetary slack. Budget slack is the difference between the resources allocated or available to a division and those resources needed to achieve a budget-set or output target. Becker and Green (1962) and Schiif and Lewin (1970) advocated that for slack to occur participative budgeting is a necessary condition. Budget slack should be distinguished from two related concepts in the accounting management literature: ‘organizational slack’, and ‘budget achievability’. Organizational slack which serves as a positive function by absorbing fluctuations in an uncertain environment refers to the safeguard measures taken by the authorities to reduce the harmful effects of uncertain conditions on which the firms function (Cyert and March, 1963). Quite similarly, ‘budget achievability’ reduces the risk of dysfunctional subordinate behavior by increasing predictability of earnings, and reducing time spent on control of profit center operations (Merchant and Manzoni, 1989). The differences between budget slack and these two concepts is that budget slac k is concealed from superiors and exceeds allowable levels. Other views on the definition of budget slack are mostly concerned with managers’ effort to choose a more easily attainable budget standard against which subordinates’ performances will be evaluated (Jawarski and Young, 1989), or with managers’ desire to create protection from uncertainties by absorbing fluctuations (Cyert and March, 1963).

Natural gas in Saudi Arabia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural gas in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example From recently however after compression it is pumped through pipes to its separate refinery. Natural gas like oil and coal are sources of non-renewable energy. The gas is usually pumped up from its underground deposit. It is channeled through pipes to a storage site. Common uses of natural gas include production of heat in industries and residential areas. It also serves the same purpose in the commercial area, in electrical power generation and fueling vehicles. Brief history Saudi Arabia is among the largest Arab states. It is located in western Asia. It is a country that is bordered by Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman. It lies between the red sea and the persian gulf. It has a total surface area of 2.25 million square kilometres.It has population of 27 million people as per 2010 estimates.It is the 46th largest country in the world by population. Its yearly GDP is USD 733.14 billion as per 2012 estimates. This country is one among the leading worldâ €™s energy producer. It produces over 10 million barrels of liquid petroleum per day. A large percentage of this oil is exported. 90 % of the income of this country comes from petroleum exports. Saudi Arabia has approximately 260,000 million barrels of known oil . ... Major natural gas exporting countries are Algeria, Norway, UAE, Russia and Canada. Reserve estimation. Saudi Arabia is estimated to hold natural gas reserves that are 4.14% of the whole world. This is 7,835 bcm .50% to 60% of the natural gas in this country occurs with other petroleum deposits. The other percentage occurs combined with sulfur. Only a small percentage is developed from this mixture. In the world’s ranking its natural gas reserves are the fifth largest but in production of the gas they are 9th in position. They produce a paltry 3 % of the world gas. Compared to 13% of the world’s oil they produce. Oil fields The country has around 100 main gas and oil fields. Eight of these fields account for half of the oil reserves. The Ghawar field is the largest oil field in the world. It is about 1,260 sq. mile. A third of the world’s natural gas comes from this field while 57% of the gas in this country is mined from the field. Other fields where the gas is b eing produced include a giant onshore and offshore Zuluf fields and Safaniya. Safaniya Field has a reputation of being the largest offshore oil field. It is in the Persian Gulf. It produces 1200,000 barrels per day. It was discovered in discovered in 1951. Its natural gas reserve amounts to 152?109Â  m3. Shaybah Field is a giant field which is found in the Rub’Al-Khli desert. It was established in 1990. Materials to build it were gotten 800 kilometers away from its location. It has dwelling facilities for a thousand men, it has offices for administration, there is a recreation centre, airstrip and workshops. It is linked to radio system by 650 kilometer fibre optic. It has estimated 14,000 million of unrefined oil and 25,000 billion ft 3 of gas. It was established in